""They couldn't perform surgery again because the tumour was going through my bone and was wrapped around it," says the student, now 22. "I'd also had a lot of muscle taken away the first time, because it had eaten into my muscle and tendons. During surgery, my radial nerve was severed, so I have limited feeling in my hand and arm. The next best option was amputation because they were worried it would take over my whole body.""

"But Louise's father refused to allow the amputation and they set about looking for other treatments. Louise underwent sclerotherapy, which involved using a chemical in an effort to make the tumour shrink, but it failed."

"Then her father heard about photodynamic therapy (PDT), which can kill cancer cells by cutting off the oxygen supply to the tumour. Patients are given a drug - topically, orally or intravenously - which is retained by cancer tissue because of its different metabolism. "If you apply light [usually laser] to the tissue where there is oxygen, the light excites the drug and the drug in its excited state triggers the generation of very active oxygen molecules, which kills the tissues. It's like releasing a little bomb in each cell," explains Colin Hopper, a senior research fellow at the National Medical Laser Centre at University College London, who treated Louise."

""You can shine the light on the surface; but if the tumour is deeper within the body, you have to put things like needles through the skin and deliver light through fibres into the tumour directly," says the maxillofacial surgeon, whose main expertise is PDT treatment of head and neck cancers and any tumours around the body."

"Louise was given the drug and, four days later, her tumour was localised using ultrasound. Needles were put into her arm, through which fibreoptic cables were passed. The light was turned on and the tumour was killed."

""I woke up and just had this tiny plaster over the spot where they had put the needle in my arm. I had a scan immediately after and the tumour had gone. I had another scan last October and there's still nothing there. It's a miracle, really," says Louise."

"PDT is licensed in the UK as a palliative technique for advanced oesophageal, mouth and lung cancer. It's also used for pre-malignant changes in the oesophagus and skin tumours, mainly basal cell carcinomas. In the US, it's approved for early lung cancer."

"Unlike surgery, it doesn't damage nerves, so it can be beneficial for head and neck cancers. Some patients have also been spared having their jaw or nose removed. It's also repeatable (only one course of radiotherapy can be given and that may damage the blood supply). And unlike chemotherapy, it doesn't cause nausea or interfere with bone marrow."

"There are hopes that PDT will be used to treat other localised cancers such as lung, bile duct, breast, prostate, pancreatic, cervical and brain. "Anything you can cut out surgically, you can treat with PDT. At least that's the dream. We're still working on the technology," says Mr Hopper. "It's the most exciting new therapy for cancer in the past 50 years. If developed to its full potential, it could save thousands of lives.""

"So why is it that fewer than 10 UK hospitals provide PDT? Stephen Bown, director of the National Medical Laser Centre, says that one of the reasons is that getting official approval is complex when
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